Assessing enrichment and contamination of sediments in the effluent canal of the ore processing industry and Naviundu River in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281-4485/17639Keywords:
Enrichment, Metallic trace elements (MTEs), Contamination, Sediments, NaviunduAbstract
The Naviundu River is exposed to heavy metal pollution from a mineral processing industry that discharges its effluents into the river. Heavy metals can accumulate in sediments and affect the aquatic ecosystem. The study collected surface sediment samples from the effluent pipe and along the Naviundu River, upstream and downstream of the industry. The samples were analyzed for the concentration of As, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn using ICP-OES. The study used various methods and indices to assess the level and source of contamination and the potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in the sediments. The results showed that the mean concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were above the sediment quality guideline values for protection of aquatic life and the probable biological effect level. The enrichment factor and geo accumulation index results indicated sediment contamination in the pipe and downstream by As, Cu, Co, Cd, Pb and Zn. The association of these elements with Cr generated a very high ecological risk for the biocenosis. The study concluded that the sediments of the Naviundu river are highly contaminated with heavy metals. The origin of the heavy metals in the sediments is the effluent from the mineral processing plant.
References
ABDULLAH M.I.C., SAH A.S.R.M., HARIS,H. (2020) Geoaccumulation index and en-richment factor of arsenic in surface sediment of Bukit Merah Reservoir, Malaysia. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 31(3):109–125. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2020.31.3.8
ALI H., KHAN E., ILAHI I. (2019) Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of haz-ardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6730305
ÁLVAREZ-VÁZQUEZ M.A., HOŠEK M., ELZNICOVÁ J., PACINA J., HRON K., FAČEVICOVÁ K., TALSKÁ R., BÁBEK,O., GRYGAR T. M. (2020) Separation of geo-chemical signals in fluvial sediments: New approaches to grain-size control and anthropo-genic contamination. Applied Geochemistry, 123:104791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.104791
ASSABAR N., LAHMIDI I., JABRANE R. (2023) Assessment of heavy metals contamina-tion in Spoil heaps of Ain Aouda Mine (Taza, Morocco). Journal of Ecological Engineering, 24(3):224–231. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/157519
BANZA C., NAWROT T.S., HAUFROID V., DECRÉE S., DE PUTTER,T., SMOLDERS E., KABYLA B.I., LUBOYA O.N., ILUNGA A., MUTOMBO A.M., NEMERY B. (2009) High human exposure to cobalt and other metals in Katanga, a mining area of the Demo-cratic Republic of Congo. Environmental Research, 109(6): 745–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.04.012
CARACTÉRISATION ENVIRONNEMENTALE DES REJETS MINÉRO-MÉTALLURGIQUES / 978-613-8-41176-5 / 9786138411765 / 6138411765. (n.d.). https://my.editions-ue.com/catalog/details/store/gb/book/978-613-8-41176-5/caract%C3%A9risation-environnementale-des-rejets-min%C3%A9ro-m%C3%A9tallurgiques
CONGOLESE MILITIA SEIZES UN COMPOUND IN KATANGA’S LUBUMBASHI. (2013) Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-03-23/congolese-militia-seizes-un-compound-in-katanga-s-lubumbashi
CONTAMINANTS IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER--Heavy metals in the Mississippi River. (n.d.). https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1133/heavy-metals.html
DE LACERDA L.D., TEIXEIRA V.L., GUIMARÃES J.R.D. (1985) Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metals in Seaweeds from Conceição de Jacareí (R. J.), Brazil. Botanica Marina, 28(8):339–344. https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1985.28.8.339
DECENA S.C., ARGUILLES M.S., ROBEL L.L. (2018) Assessing heavy metal contamina-tion in surface sediments in an urban river in the Philippines. Polish Journal of Environ-mental Studies, 27(5):1983–1995. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/75204
DEOCARIS C.C., DIWA R.R., TUCIO P. (2022) Assessment of heavy metal levels in an urban river in the Philippines using an unconstrained ordination- and GIS-based approach: evidence of the return of past pollution after the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda). H2Open Journal, 5(3):412–423. https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.012
DUSENGEMUNGU L., MUBEMBA B., GWANAMA C. (2022) Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in copper mine tailing soils of Kitwe and Mufulira, Zambia, for reclamation prospects. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15458-2
ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT SCREENING BENCHMARKS | Region 5 Super-fund | US EPA. (n.d.). https://archive.epa.gov/reg5sfun/ecology/web/html/screeningbench.html
ETTLER V. (2016) Soil contamination near non-ferrous metal smelters: A review. Applied Geochemistry, 64:56–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.09.020
FAN J., JIAN X., SHANG F., ZHANG W., ZHANG S., FU H. (2021) Underestimated heavy metal pollution of the Minjiang River, SE China: Evidence from spatial and seasonal monitoring of suspended-load sediments. Science of the Total Environment, 760:142586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142586
GEOGRAPHY ONE - The Koppen Climate Classification System - CSS Forums. (n.d.). http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-vii/geography/14144-geography-one-koppen-climate-classification-system.html
GISP R.A.D.M. (2020). 10.3 Köppen Classification System. Pressbooks. https://slcc.pressbooks.pub/physicalgeography/chapter/10-3/
HAO J., REN J., TAO L., FANG H., GAO S., CHEN Y. (2021) Pollution Evaluation and Sources Identification of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments from Upstream of Yellow Riv-er. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 30(2):1161–1169. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/125485
HE L., WANG S., LIU M., CHEN Z., XU J., DONG Y. (2023) Transport and transfor-mation of atmospheric metals in ecosystems: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials Ad-vances, 9:100218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100218
HIZLI S., KARAOĞLU A.G., GÖREN A.Y., KOBYA M. (2023) Identifying geogenic and anthropogenic aluminum pollution on different spatial distributions and removal of natural waters and soil in Çanakkale, Turkey. ACS Omega, 8(9):8557–8568. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c07707
HÜBNER R., ASTIN K.B., HERBERT R.J. (2009) Comparison of sediment quality guide-lines (SQGs) for the assessment of metal contamination in marine and estuarine environ-ments. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 11(4):713. https://doi.org/10.1039/b818593j
KE X., GUI S., HUANG H., ZHANG H., WANG C., GUO W. (2017) Ecological risk as-sessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area, China. Chemosphere, 175:473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.029
KHALEF R.N., HASSAN A.I., SALEH H.M. (2022) Heavy metal’s environmental impact. In IntechOpen eBooks. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103907
KHALIL A., HANICH L., HAKKOU R., LEPAGE M. (2014) GIS-based environmental database for assessing the mine pollution: A case study of an abandoned mine site in Mo-rocco. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 144:468–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.03.023
KHALILOVA H., MAMMADOV V. (2016) Assessing the anthropogenic impact on heavy metal pollution of soils and sediments in urban areas of Azerbaijan’s oil industrial region. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 25(1):159–166. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/60723
KILUNGA P.I., SIVALINGAM P., LAFFITE A., GRANDJEAN D., MULAJI C.K., DE ALENCASTRO L.F., MPIANA P.T., POTÉ J. (2017) Accumulation of toxic metals and organic micro-pollutants in sediments from tropical urban rivers, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Chemosphere, 179, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.081
KINSHASA R. (2023). Lubumbashi: le nouveau Maire promet de relever les défis sécuritaires et de lutter contre l’insalubrité. Politico.cd. https://www.politico.cd/encontinu/2023/01/25/lubumbashi-le-nouveau-maire-promet-de-relever-les-defis-securitaires-et-de-lutter-contre-linsalubrite.html/126960/
KÖPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. (n.d.). https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/koppen-climate-classification-system/
LEÃO L.P., DE VICQ FERREIRA DA COSTA R., LEITE M.G.P., JÚNIOR H.A.N., FONSECA R. (2021) Distribution and assessment of trace elements contami-nation in sediments of Conceição River Basin, Brazil. Geosciences, 11(6):236. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11060236
MA T., ZHANG Y., HU Q., HAN M., LI X., ZHANG Y., LI C.K., SHI R. (2022) Accumulation Characteristics and Pollution Evaluation of soil heavy metals in different land use types: Study on the whole region of Tianjin. International Journal of Envi-ronmental Research and Public Health, 19(16):10013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610013
MAMBENGA P.V.I. (2021) Contamination Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediment Cores from De Montigny Lake around Siscoe-Sullivan Former Mining Sites, Val-d’Or, Canada. Sustainability in Environment, 6(4):16. https://doi.org/10.22158/se.v6n4p16
MOLDOVAN A., TÖRÖK A.I., KOVACS E., CADAR O., MIREA I.C., MICLE V. (2022) Metal Contents and Pollution Indices Assessment of Surface Water, Soil, and Sediment from the Arieș River Basin Mining Area, Romania. Sustainability, 14(13): 8024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138024
MUIMBA-KANKOLONGO A., NKULU C.B.L., MWITWA J., KAMPEMBA F.M., NABUYANDA M M. (2022). Impacts of trace metals pollution of water, food crops, and ambient air on population health in Zambia and the DR Congo. Journal of Envi-ronmental and Public Health, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4515115
MUIMBA-KANKOLONGO A., NKULU C.B.L., MWITWA J., KAMPEMBA F.M., NABUYANDA M.M., HAUFROID V., SMOLDERS E., NEMERY B. (2021) Con-tamination of water and food crops by trace elements in the African Copperbelt: A collaborative cross-border study in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Environmental Advances, 6:100103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100103
MWANAMOKI P.M., DEVARAJAN N., NIANE B., NGELINKOTO P., THEVENON F., NLANDU J.W., MPIANA P.T., PRABAKAR K., MUBEDI J.I., KABELE C.G., WILDI W., POTÉ J. (2014) Trace metal distributions in the sediments from river-reservoir systems: case of the Congo River and Lake Ma Vallée, Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(1):586–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3381-y
NGWEME G.N., SALAH D.M.M.A., LAFFITE A., SIVALINGAM P., GRANDJEAN D., KONDE J. N., MULAJI C.K., BREIDER F., POTÉ J. (2021) Oc-currence of organic micropollutants and human health risk assessment based on con-sumption of Amaranthus viridis, Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Science of the Total Environment, 754:142175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142175
OMWENE P.I., ÖNCEL M.S., ÇELEN M., KOBYA M. (2018) Heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in surface sediments of Mustafakemalpaşa stream located in the world’s largest borate basin (Turkey). Chemosphere, 208:782–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.031
OUMA K., SHANE A., SYAMPUNGANI S. (2022) Aquatic Ecological Risk of Heavy-Metal Pollution Associated with Degraded Mining Landscapes of the Southern Africa River Basins: A Review. Minerals, 12(2):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12020225
PANAGOS P., VAN LIEDEKERKE M., YIGINI Y., MONTANARELLA L. (2013) Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collect-ed through a European Network. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/158764
PETROPOULOS G.P., PARTSINEVELOS P., MITRAKA Z. (2013). Change detec-tion of surface mining activity and reclamation based on a machine learning approach of multi-temporal Landsat TM imagery. Geocarto International, 28(4):323–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2012.706648
RASTMANESH F., BARATI-HAGHIGHI T., ZARASVANDI A. (2020) Assessment of the impact of 2019 Karun River flood on river sediment in Ahvaz city area, Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08607-5
SAKAN S., ĐORĐEVIĆ D., MANOJLOVIĆ D., PREDRAG P.S. (2009) Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments. Journal of Envi-ronmental Management, 90(11):3382–3390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.05.013
SALAH D.M.M.A., LAFFITE A., SIVALINGAM P., POTÉ J. (2021) Occurrence of toxic metals and their selective pressure for antibiotic-resistant clinically relevant bacte-ria and antibiotic-resistant genes in river receiving systems under tropical conditions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(14):20530–20541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17115-z
SINU J. (2022) Source and composition of organic matter and its role in sediment ben-thic communities. In Elsevier eBooks, 83–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821161-8.00001-5
TINDWA H., SINGH B.R. (2023) Soil pollution and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: State of the knowledge and remediation technologies. Frontiers in Soil Science, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.1101944
TSHIBANDA J.B., MALUMBA A.M., MPIANA P.T., MULAJI C.K., OTAMONGA J., POTÉ J. (2021) Influence of watershed on the accumulation of heavy metals in sed-iments of urban rivers under tropical conditions: Case of N’djili and Lukaya rivers in Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo. Watershed Ecology and the Environ-ment, 3:30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2021.06.001
VAKILZADEH Y., GORJI K.S., GHALAMGHASH J., NOURA M.R. (2022) Heavy metals contamination in the surface sediments of Talar River, north of Iran. https://doi.org/10.18502/jhs.v10i1.9109
VENKATACHALAM P., SRIVASTAVA A., RAGHOTHAMA K.G., SAHI S.V. (2009) Genes Induced in Response to Mercury-Ion-Exposure in Heavy Metal Hyper-accumulator Sesbania drummondii. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(3):843–850. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801304n
WU L., LI S., FENG Y., HUANG S. (2023) Assessing heavy metals in sediment of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal by statistical and geochemical analysis. E3S Web of Conferences, 393:03027. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339303027
ZAHRA A., HASHMI M.Z., MALIK R.N., AHMED Z. (2014) Enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals and risk assessment of sediments of the Kurang Nal-lah—Feeding tributary of the Rawal Lake Reservoir, Pakistan. Science of the Total En-vironment, 470–471:925–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.017
ZENG J., HAN G., WU Q., TANG Y. (2019) Heavy metals in suspended particulate matter of the Zhujiang River, southwest China: Contents, sources, and health risks. In-ternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10):1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101843
ZHANG L., ZHANG,J., JIANG Z., WANG F., HUANG X. (2015) Spatial and sea-sonal characteristics of dissolved heavy metals in the east and west Guangdong coastal waters, South China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 95(1):419–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.035
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 S M Nazmuz Sakib
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
