[Retracted Article] The adsorption of Pb2+ and Ni2+ ions utilizing modified chitosan beads: A response surface methodology and artificial neural network modelling study

Authors

  • Ephraim Igberase University of Johannesburg, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein 2088,
  • Nastassia Thandiwe Sithole University of Johannesburg, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein 2088,

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281-4485/18471

Keywords:

Adsorption, Response surface, Neural network, Heavy metal, Chitosan beads

Abstract

Editorial Note - 2024-10-22
The article has been retracted, see the corresponding retraction notice: https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281-4485/20311.
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This work investigates the application of artificial neural networks (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) in developing a technique for removing Pb2+ and Ni2+ ions from wastewater using chitosan derivative. The materials including chitosan beads (CS) and grafted chitosan beads (MCS) were evaluated using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The process factors were modeled and optimized using the central composite design (CCD) derived from RSM. Removal efficiency was described as the response for the output layer. However, the input layer feed data consists of pH, adsorbent dose, contact duration, temperature, and concentration. Two neurons were used as the ANN algorithm's output layers, which correspond to the adsorption of Pb2+ and Ni2+ ions. Both models were measured using statistical metrics like average relative errors (ARE), coefficient of determination (R2), Marquart's percentage standard deviation (MPSD), mean squared error (MSE), Pearson's Chi-square (), root means square errors (RMSE), and the sum of squares of errors (SSE). The ideal trained neural network depicts the training, validation, and testing phases, with R2 values of 1.0, 0.968, and 0.961, respectively. The findings, however, showed that the ANN technique is superior to the RSM-CCD model approach. At pH 5, starting concentration of 100 mg/L, an adsorbent mass of 6.0 g, a reaction time of 55 min, and a temperature of 40 oC, the RSM-CCD model's optimization results for the process variables were achieved. The greatest removal percentages for Pb2+ and Ni2+ ion was 98.14% and 98.12%, respectively. The findings suggest that ANN can be utilized in forecasting the removal of adsorbates from wastewater.

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Published

2024-05-15 — Updated on 2024-10-22

How to Cite

Igberase, E., & Sithole, N. T. (2024). [Retracted Article] The adsorption of Pb2+ and Ni2+ ions utilizing modified chitosan beads: A response surface methodology and artificial neural network modelling study. EQA - International Journal of Environmental Quality, 61, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281-4485/18471

Issue

Vol. 61 (2024)

Section

Articles

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Copyright (c) 2024 Ephraim Igberase, Nastassia Thandiwe Sithole

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