Ecological and health risks assessment of heavy metal in soils and leaves around CIMTOGO cement factory, Lomé, Togo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281-4485/19712Keywords:
Cement factory, Heavy metal, Pollution indexes, Environmental monitoring, TogoAbstract
Heavy metals are released into the environment due to anthropogenic activities. Cement industries are classified among the main sources of environmental pollutants. This study aims to evaluate the ecological and human health risks of heavy metals in soils and leaves from the CIMTOGO cement factory area in Lomé, Togo. Samples were dried successively in open air and in oven at 105 oC for 24 hours. Samples ground and sieved were used in the analysis using a ZEEnit 700 atomic absorption spectrometer and Ion chromatograph IC 1500 Dionex. The amount of heavy metals in the samples as well as the pollution indices were investigated. High concentration of and Cadmium in the soil, and of chromium and lead in the leaves were found. High potential ecological risk index of 157.26 and 303.73 and the pollution load index of 1.02 and 1.39 were found for the soil and the leaf, respectively confirming the deterioration of the quality of the soil and leaves. The hazard index (0.86) closer to 1 indicates that the cement production activities could have harmful impacts on the health of the surrounding populations and the decision makers have to think about the decontamination of the area.
References
ABATEMI-USMAN S., AKINDELE O., AYANLADE A., PEREZ M., ATTAHIRU I., NORTON G., FELDMANN J., KRUPP E. (2023) Trace element concentrations in soil contaminate corn in the vicinity of a cement manufacturing plant: Potential health implications. Journal of Exposure. Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 33(5):813-823. https://doi.org/10.1038/s413 70-023-00548-8
ADDO M.A., DARKO E.O., GORDON C., NYARKO B.J.B, GBADAGO J.K., NYARKO E., AFFUM H.A., BOTWE B.O. (2012) Evaluation of Heavy Metals Contamination of Soil and Vegetation in the Vicinity of a Cement Factory in the Volta Region Ghana. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1):40-50.
ADEDEJI S.A. , KAKULU E. S., DAUDA S. M., AKANNAM O. P. (2020) Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil Samples obtained from some communities around a cement factory in Obajana Kogi State Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health, 4:161-174. https://doi.org/I:10.26502/ jesph.96120092
ADEJOH I.P. (2016) Assessment of heavy metal contamination of soil and cassava plants within the vicinity of a cement factory in north central Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research, 7(3):20-27.
ADUAYI-AKUE A.A., GNANDI K. (2014) Evaluation de la pollution par les métaux lourds des sols et de la variété locale du maïs Zea mays dans la zone de traitement des phosphates de Kpémé (Sud du Togo). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Science, 8(5):2347-2355. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v8i5.37
ADUAYI-AKUE A.A., GNANDI K., TETE-BENISSAN A., DEGBE M., TANOUAYI G., GBEASSOR F. (2015) Evaluation des teneurs des métaux lourds dans le sang des sujets de la zone de traitement des phosphates au Sud du Togo. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(4):1972-1982. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs. v9i4.22
AKPAMBANG V. O. E., EBUZEME G. C., AKINOLA J. O. (2022) Heavy metal contamination of topsoil around a cement factory – A case study of Obajana Cement Plc. Environmental Pollutans and Bioavailability, 34(1):12–20. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/26395940.2021.2024090
AMIRI H., DANESHVAR E., AZADI S., AZADI S. (2022) Contamination level and risk assessment of heavy metals in the topsoil around cement factory: A case study. Environmental Engineering Research, 27(5):210313. https://doi.org/10. 4491/eer.2021.313
ANGON P. B. ISLAM M. S. KC S. DAS A. ANJUM N. POUDEL A. & SUCHI S. A. (2024). Sources effects and present perspectives of heavy metals contamination: Soil plants and human food chain. Heliyon, 10:e28357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28357
ATAKPAMA W., KANDA M., FOLEGA F. LAMBONI D. T. BATAWILA K. AKPAGANA K. (2021) Agriculture urbaine et périurbaine dans la ville de Lomé et ses banlieues. Revue Marocaine des Sciences Agronomique and Vétérinaires., 9(2):205-211.
BADAMELI A., DUBREUIL V. Diagnosis of climate change in Togo through the evolution of temperature between 1961 and 2010. (2015) Proceedings of the XXVIIIth Symposium of the International Association of Climatology Liège Belgium, 421-426.
BARBIZZI S., DE ZORZI P., BELLI M., PATI A. SANSONE U., STELLATO L., BARBINA M., DELUSA A., MENEGON S., COLETTI V. (2004) Characterization of reference site for quantifying uncertainties related to soil sampling. Environmental Pollution, 127:131–135. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S0269-7491(03)00236-7
CALMUC V.A., CALMUC M., ARSENI M., TOPA C.M., TIMOFTI M., BURADA A., ITICESCU C., GEORGESCU L.P. (2021) Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Levels in Sediments and of Ecological Risk by Quality Indices. Applying a Case Study: The Lower Danube River Romania. Water, 13(12):1801. https://doi.org/10. 3390/w13131801
CIMTOGO (2024) https://www.heidelbergcement.tg/fr/ cimtogo Accessed on July 10th, 2024.
DAS D., HASAN M., HOWLADAR M.F. (2023) Topsoil heavy metals status and potential risk assessment around the cement factories in Chhatak Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25:5337–5362. https://doi .org/ 10.1007/s10668-022-02269-8
DE ZORZI P., BARBIZZI S., BELLI M., CICERI G., FAJGELJ A., MOORE D. , SANSONE U., VAN DER PERK M. (2005) Terminology in soil sampling (IUPAC Recommendation 2005). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 5(77):827–841. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200577050827
DEVANESAN E., GANDHI S.M., SELVAPANDIYAN M., SENTHILKUMAR G., RAVISANKAR R. (2017) Heavy metal and potential ecological risk assessment in sediments collected from Poombuhar to Karaikal Coast of Tamilnadu using Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. Beni-Suef. University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(3):285-292. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.bjbas.2017.04.011
DZAGLI M.M., AMOUZOUVI Y.M., SESIME K., AFOUDJI K.B.R. (2022) Heavy metal pollution assessment in phosphate mining and processing sites Hahotoé and Kpémé in Togo. EQA-International Journal of Environmental Quality, 47:9–21. https://doi.org/10.6092/ issn.2281-4485/13435
ETIM M.-A., BABAREMU K., LAZARUS J., OMOLE D. (2021) Health Risk and Environmental Assessment of Cement Production in Nigeria. Atmosphere, 12:1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091111
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. (2019) Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 laying down rules on the making available on the market of EU fertilizing products and amending Regulations (EC) No 1069/2009 and (EC) No 1107/2009 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003. Official Journal of the European Union, L 170/1.
FAO/WHO (2018) Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods 12th Session Utrecht, The Netherlands.
FIKADU T., MEKASSA B. (2022) Determination of Heavy Metals in Cement Dust Top Soil and Teff Around Habesha and Mugher Cement Factory Oromia Regional State Ethiopia. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 36(3):487-501. https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i3.1
GEBREYOHANNES F., GEBREKIDAN A. (2018) Health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of spinach vegetable grown in Elalla River. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 32(1):65-75. https://doi.org/ 10.4314/bcse.v32i1.6
HAKANSON L. (1980) Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14:975-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
HAZOU, E. ZORKO B., NEČEMER M., HALIBA E. M., AZIABLE E., GUEMBOU SHOUOP C.J., TCHAK PELE K.P. (2021) Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment Using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence and Multivariate Statistical Approach of Soil from Phosphate Ore Sites Southern Region of Togo. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 232:489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05439-y
HUU H.H., RUDY S., VAN DAMME A. (2010) Distribution and contamination status of heavy metals in estuarine sediments near Cau Ong harbor Ha Long Bay Vietnam. Geologica Belgica, 13:37-47.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STAN-DARDIZATION (1995) Soil Quality –Extraction of trace elements soluble in aqua regia, ISO 11466, Geneva Switzerland.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STAN-DARDIZATION (2006) Soil quality - Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis. ISO 11464, Geneva Switzerland.
IRIS - Integrated Risk Information System (2003) China via consumption of vegetables and fish. Science Database US Envrionmental Protection Agency, USA.
ISMAIL Z., ALI S., ZULFIQAR A., EL-SEREHY H. A. (2023) Impact of cement industries on potentially toxic elements’ contamination and other characteristics of topsoil: A case study. Environmental Pollution and Bioavailability, 35(1):2271664. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395940.2023. 2271664
JAFARI A., ASADYARI S., MOUTAB SAHIHAZAR Z., HAJAGHAZADEH M. (2023) Monte Carlo-based proba-bilistic risk assessment for cement workers exposed to heavy metals in cement dust. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 45:5961–5979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01611-x
LANIYAN T.A., ADEWUMI A.J.P. (2020) Evaluation of Contamination and Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals Associated with Cement Production in Ewekoro Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Health and Pollution, 10(25):200306. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.25.200306
LIU T., WANG Z. (2024) Contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil surrounding an electroplating factory in JiaXing China. Scientific Reports, 14:4097. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54620-w
MADHAV S., MISHRA R., KUMARI A., SRIVASTAV A. L. AHAMAD A., SINGH P., AHMED S., MISHRA P. K., SILLANPÄÄ M. (2024) A review on sources identification of heavy metals in soil and remediation measures by phytoremediation-induced methods. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 21:1099–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04950-5
MALLONGI A., STANG S., ASTUTI R.D.P., RAUF A.U., NATSIR M.F. (2023) Risk assessment of fine particulate matter exposure attributed to the presence of the cement industry. Global Journal of. Environmental Science and Management, 9(1):43-58. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm. 2023.01.05
MANDENG E.P.B., BIDJECK L.M.B., BESSA A.Z.E., NTOMB Y.D., WADJOU J.W., DOUMO E.P.E, BITOM DIEUDONNÉ L. (2019) Contamination and risk assessment of heavy metals and uranium of sediments in two watersheds in Abiete-Toko gold district Southern Cameroon. Heliyon, 5:e02591. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.heliyon.2019.e02591
MISHRA U.C., SARSAIYA S., GUPTA A. (2022) A systematic review on the impact of cement industries on the natural environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29:18440–18451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s113 56 -022-18672-7
NEWAZ K.K., PAL S.K., HOSSAIN S., KARIM A. (2021) Evaluation of heavy metal pollution risk associated with road sediment. Environmental Engineering Research, 26(3):200239. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.239
OGUNKUNLE C.O., FATOBA P.O. (2014) Contami-nation and spatial distribution of heavy metals in topsoil surrounding a mega cement factory. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 5(2):270-282. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.201 4.033
OLATUNDE K.A., SOSANYA P.A., BADA B.S., OJEKUNLE Z.O., ABDUSSALAAM S.A. (2020) Distri-bution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils around a major cement factory Ibese Nigeria. Scientific African, 9:e00496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020. e00496
PARK E. J., YANG M. J., KANG M. S., JO Y. M., YOON C., LEE Y., KIM D. W., LEE G. H., KWON I. H., KIM J. B. (2023) Subchronic pulmonary toxicity of ambient particles containing cement production-related elements. Toxicology Reports, 11:116-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. toxrep.2023.07.002
PARLAK M., EVEREST T., TUNÇAY T. (2023) Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils around cement factory and health risk assessment: a case study of Canakkale-Ezine (NW Turkey). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 45(7):5163–5179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01578-9
ROBA C., ROŞU C., PIŞTEA I. OZUNU A., BACIU C. (2016) Heavy metal content in vegetables and fruits cultivated in Baia Mare mining area (Romania) and health risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23:6062–6073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4799-6
ROBA C., ROŞU C., PIŞTEA I., BACIU C., COSTIN D., OZUNU A. (2015) Transfer of Heavy Metals from Soil to Vegetables in a Mining/Smelting Influenced Area (Baia Mare – Ferneziu, Romania). Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 16(3):891–898
SILAMBARASAN K., SENTHILKUMAAR P., VELMURUGAN K. (2012) Studies on the distribution of heavy metal concentrations in River Adyar Chennai Tamil Nadu. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2:2192-2198.
SWAIN C.K. (2024) Environmental pollution indices: a review on concentration of heavy metals in air water and soil near industrialization and urbanisation. Discover Environment, 2:5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-024-00030-8
UDDIN A.H., KHALID R.S., ALAAMA M., ABDUALKADER A. M., KASMURI, A., ABBAS S.A. (2016) Comparative study of three digestion methods for elemental analysis in traditional medicine products using atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 7:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s40543-016-0085-6
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM. (2001) World Health Organization and International Labour Organization. Zinc-Environmental Health Criteria 221, Geneva.
VITTORI ANTISARI L., BIANCHINI G., DINELLI E., FALSONE G., GARDINI A., SIMONI A., TASSINARI R., VIANELLO G. (2014) Critical evaluation of an intercalation project focused on the definition of new multi-element soil reference materials (AMS-MO1 and AMS-ML1). EQA-International Journal of Environmental Quality, 15:41-60. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281-4485/4553
VITTORI ANTISARI L., ORSINI F., MARCHETTI L., VIANELLO G., GIANQUINTO G. (2015) Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in urban gardens. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(3):1139-1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0308-z
WAN Y., LIU J., ZHUANG Z., WANG Q., LI H. (2024) Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils: Sources Influencing Factors and Remediation Strategies. Toxics., 12(1):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010063
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1988) Chromium-Environmental Health Criteria 61, Geneva
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1991) Environmental Health Criteria 108. Nickel, Prepared as a Part of WHO’s International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization: Geneva Switzerland, p. 383.
WHO – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1998) Copper Environmental Health Criteria 200. International Program on Chemical Safety, Geneva
WOROU K. (2002) Sols dominants du Togo – corrélation avec la Base de référence mondiale. In Quatorzième Réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre Africain de Corrélation des Sols pour la Mise en Valeur des Terres (Abomey, Bénin, 9-13 octobre 2000), Rapport sur les ressources en sols du monde, FAO, 98,105-120.
WOROU K., GOOSSE H., FICHEFET T., GUICHARD F., DIAKHATE M. (2020) Interannual variability of rainfall in the Guinean Coast region and its links with sea surface temperature changes over the twentieth century for the different seasons. Climate Dynamics, 55:449–470. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00382-020-05276-5
YANG T., LIU J. (2012) Health risk assessment and spatial distribution characteristic on heavy metals pollution of Haihe River Basin. Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology, 2:152. https://doi.org/10.4172/ 2161-0525.1000152
YETESHA A., CHANDRAVANSHI B. S., YOHANNES W. (2023) Major and Heavy Metals Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Pumpkin Peel Flesh and Seed by Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 37(3):533-551. https://doi.org/10. 4314/bcse.v37i3.1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Yawovi Mignanou Amouzouvi , Koffi Sagna, Kossi Tepe, Kosi Sesime, Kossivi B. R. Afoudji , Milohum Mikesokpo Dzagli, Messanh A. Mohou, Jérémie T. Zoueu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.